Eye tracking to evaluate social cognition and social learning across cultures

Researchers from University of Chicago used eye tracking to evaluate social attention in two different cultural populations, urban North American participants, and rural Yucatec Mayan participants. To the researchers' knowledge, it is the first attempt to use eye tracking methods to quantify cultural variation in social attention.

The background

Humans are an intensely social species. Understanding how children and adults regulate their attention to social partners is critical for understanding social competence and social learning.

Previous research involving participants from Europe, North America and other cultures suggest that patterns in social attention may vary significantly across cultures. However, methods and grain of analysis have varied between research traditions, making it difficult to reconcile the apparent differences. There is little cross-cultural comparative data, and no studies have compared attention in these populations at a fine-grained time scale using experimental methods.

The method

In this project, researchers used fine-grained laboratory measures, in particular, eye tracking, to evaluate social attention in two different cultural populations, rural Mayan participants, and urban North American participants.

Compare social attention in two different cultural populations   

Field observational studies have suggested that people in some cultural communities, including rural Mayan communities, evidence a pattern of distributed or "open" attention in which a person broadly monitors the activities going on around him or her rather than focusing heavily on one element at a time. Observational comparisons across cultures suggest that this pattern may differ from a typical North American tendency to focus on one thing at a time, and thus tune out other information. 

This study aims to evaluate social attention in these two populations using eye tracking. Participants view videos of typical scenes (appropriate to each culture) involving people. There is both foreground and background activity in the videos, and researchers hypothesize that the Mayan participants will show broader sampling across the fore- and background than will the U.S. participants. 

Infants, young children, older children and adults are tested in each culture to evaluate whether and how attention patterns become culturally specific during development. 

Testing in rural villages  

Mayan participants were asked to watch short, naturalistic films of scenes with people in the foreground and background, while a Tobii eye tracker recorded their gaze. Half were culturally familiar (e.g., Mayan scenes for Mayan participants) and half were unfamiliar (U.S. scenes for Mayan participants). Between 12 and 20 Mayan participants were tested in each of four age groups (infants, young children, older children, and adults). 

Participants were tested in a traditional village house with a thatched roof and walls made from small logs, in natural lighting conditions and sitting at a wooden table. A regular laptop was used for stimuli display. Many Mayan participants had not interacted with computers previously but were comfortable viewing the events. Despite the demanding conditions of the field-testing site data collection rates were high. 

The conclusion 

Analysis of data   

Researchers plan to analyze the durations of attention to the different regions in each scene, and the patterns of shifting attention to these regions across ages and cultures. The Tobii software will be used as a point of entry into the data analysis. 

Related information

The Infant Learning and Development Laboratory